Cette note juridique est publiée en anglais (langue des tribunaux tanzaniens) et en kiswahili. Le texte anglais est affiché ci-dessous.Esta nota jurídica é publicada em inglês (língua dos tribunais da Tanzânia) e em kiswahili. O texto em inglês é apresentado abaixo.本法律评述以英文（坦桑尼亚法院工作语言）及斯瓦希里语发布，以下显示英文版本。تُنشر هذه المذكرة القانونية باللغة الإنجليزية (لغة المحاكم التنزانية) وباللغة السواحيلية، ويُعرض النص الإنجليزي أدناه.
Toleo jipya la Sheria ya Madini, Sura ya 123 (R.E. 2023) limepanga upya namba za vifungu. Vifungu vya utatuzi wa migogoro sasa vinasomeka hivi: Tume ya Madini ni k. 23, migogoro ni k. 150 na rufaa ni k. 152. Maudhui ya msingi hayajabadilika, lakini nyaraka za mashauri zinapaswa kunukuu namba mpya.
Tahadhari kuhusu uthibitisho. Tovuti ya Tume ya Madini hairuhusu PDF kamili ya R.E. 2023 kusomwa kiotomatiki. Vifungu vikuu vimethibitishwa kupitia jedwali la vifungu (arrangement of sections) na vyanzo vingine. Pale ambapo uthibitisho haukuwezekana, imeelezwa wazi.
1. Namba Mpya za Vifungu
Vifungu vya R.E. 2019 sasa vina namba zifuatazo katika R.E. 2023:
| Jambo | R.E. 2019 | R.E. 2023 |
|---|---|---|
| Kuanzishwa kwa Tume ya Madini | k. 21 | k. 23 |
| Tume kuamua migogoro | k. 119 | k. 150 |
| Utekelezaji wa amri za Tume | k. 120 | k. 151 (inakadiriwa kwa mfuatano; haijathibitishwa) |
| Rufaa Mahakama Kuu | k. 121 | k. 152 |
| Kanuni za utatuzi wa migogoro | k. 122 | huenda k. 153 (haijathibitishwa) |
Athari kwa vitendo
- Nyaraka za mashauri: Memorandum of Complaint, hati za rufaa na hoja za mamlaka zinapaswa kunukuu k. 150 na k. 152 vya Sura ya 123 R.E. 2023, si k. 119 na k. 121.
- Kanuni za 2021: Kanuni za Madini (Utatuzi wa Migogoro), G.N. Na. 323 ya 2021 zilitungwa kabla ya R.E. 2023, hivyo bado zinarejelea namba za zamani. Kwa kanuni ya jumla ya Sheria ya Tafsiri ya Sheria (Interpretation of Laws Act), marejeo hayo yanasomwa kama vifungu vinavyolingana katika toleo jipya. Nukuu vyote viwili, kwa mfano: “k. 150 cha Sura ya 123 R.E. 2023 (zamani k. 119 R.E. 2019)”.
- Maamuzi ya zamani: kesi zilizotafsiri “kifungu cha 119” bado ni mamlaka halali, na sasa zinatumika kwa k. 150.
2. Kilichobaki Bila Kubadilika
Mamlaka ya Tume
Tume bado inaweza kuchunguza na kuamua migogoro yote kati ya watu wanaojihusisha na utafutaji au uchimbaji wa madini, iwe kati yao wenyewe au kati yao na watu wa tatu, isipokuwa Serikali.
Jukumu rasmi
Kusuluhisha migogoro ni jukumu rasmi la Tume, pamoja na kufanya ukaguzi wa afya na usalama migodini.
Rufaa
Mtu asiyeridhika na uamuzi au amri ya Tume anaweza kukata rufaa Mahakama Kuu ndani ya siku 30 tangu uamuzi au amri kutolewa.
3. Judicial Review: Kusimamishwa au Kufutwa kwa Leseni
Kusimamishwa au kufutwa kwa leseni na Tume si “mgogoro” wa k. 150. Ni uamuzi wa kiutawala, na unapingwa kwa maombi ya judicial review Mahakama Kuu ndani ya siku 60 tangu uamuzi. Taratibu za kuwasilisha malalamiko na rufaa zitaelezwa katika kanuni.
Historia: utaratibu wa zamani uliruhusu rufaa kwa Waziri ndani ya siku 60, kisha rufaa Mahakama Kuu dhidi ya uamuzi wa Waziri. Njia hizo ziliondolewa na nafasi yake ikachukuliwa na judicial review.
| Jambo | Mgogoro chini ya k. 150 | Kufutwa au kusimamishwa kwa leseni |
|---|---|---|
| Njia | Shauri mbele ya Tume, kisha rufaa | Judicial review moja kwa moja Mahakama Kuu |
| Muda | Siku 30 (rufaa) | Siku 60 |
| Mahakama inachunguza | Hoja za ushahidi na sheria (merits) | Uhalali wa utaratibu: haki ya kusikilizwa, kuvuka mipaka ya mamlaka na busara ya uamuzi |
Swali lililo wazi: namba ya kifungu hiki katika R.E. 2023 haijathibitishwa.
4. Marekebisho Mengine Baada ya R.E. 2019
| Mwaka · Sheria / Kanuni | Athari kwa migogoro |
|---|---|
| 2026 · Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Act, 2026 — k. 11(4) mpya ya Sura ya 449 | Makubaliano yaliyoidhinishwa na Baraza la Mawaziri yanaweza kuwa na usuluhishi (arbitration) wenye makao nje ya nchi. Marekebisho haya hayamo katika R.E. 2023 lakini yanatumika. |
| 2025 · Sheria ya Fedha Na. 11 ya 2025 (30 Juni 2025) | Masuala ya kifedha, kama tafsiri ya “gross value”. Si utaratibu wa migogoro, lakini yanaweza kuzaa migogoro ya mrabaha. |
| 2025 · Kanuni za Msaada wa Kiufundi kwa Wenye PML, G.N. Na. 260 ya 2025 | Tume ikikataa kusajili makubaliano, lazima itoe sababu kwa maandishi, na mwombaji anaweza kuwasilisha upya. Kanuni zina kipengele cha utatuzi wa migogoro ambacho bado hakijachambuliwa kwa undani. |
| 2020–2024 · Sheria Na. 8/2020, 6/2021, 5, 9 na 12/2022, 7/2023 na 6/2024 | Marekebisho yaliyokusanywa; R.E. 2023 inajumuisha yale yaliyokuwepo hadi 2023. |
5. Ramani Mpya ya Utatuzi wa Migogoro
| Aina ya mgogoro | Hatua ya kwanza | Hatua inayofuata |
|---|---|---|
| Mipaka, maji au fidia (upande mmoja ni mchimbaji) | Tume ya Madini (k. 150); utekelezaji kupitia Mahakama ya Hakimu Mkazi (k. 151) | Rufaa Mahakama Kuu ndani ya siku 30 (k. 152) |
| Leseni kusimamishwa au kufutwa na Tume | Judicial review Mahakama Kuu moja kwa moja, ndani ya siku 60 | — |
| CSR (mwenye leseni na Halmashauri) | Majadiliano kwanza; ni lazima kabla ya kwenda Tume | Tume ya Madini; uamuzi ndani ya siku 14 |
| Mwekezaji na Serikali (nje ya k. 150) | Usuluhishi unaoongozwa na sheria za Tanzania na wenye makao Tanzania (Sura ya 449, k. 11) | Isipokuwa (2026): makubaliano yaliyoidhinishwa na Baraza la Mawaziri |
6. Hitimisho
Migogoro ya mipaka, maji na fidia ndiyo huanzia Tume ya Madini chini ya k. 150; leseni iliyosimamishwa au kufutwa huenda moja kwa moja Mahakama Kuu kwa judicial review; na migogoro na Serikali hufuata Sura ya 449. Kwa shauri lolote jipya, nukuu namba za R.E. 2023 pamoja na namba za zamani, na thibitisha vifungu kwenye nakala iliyochapishwa ya R.E. 2023.
The revised edition of the Mining Act, Cap. 123 (R.E. 2023) renumbers the Act. The dispute-resolution provisions now read as follows: the Mining Commission is s. 23, disputes are s. 150 and appeals are s. 152. The substance is unchanged, but pleadings should now cite the new section numbers.
A note on verification. The Mining Commission’s website does not allow the full R.E. 2023 PDF to be read automatically. The principal sections were confirmed through the arrangement of sections and other sources. Where confirmation was not possible, this is stated expressly.
1. The New Section Numbers
Sections of the R.E. 2019 now carry the following numbers in the R.E. 2023:
| Subject | R.E. 2019 | R.E. 2023 |
|---|---|---|
| Establishment of the Mining Commission | s. 21 | s. 23 |
| Commission may decide disputes | s. 119 | s. 150 |
| Enforcement of Commission orders | s. 120 | s. 151 (inferred from sequence; not confirmed) |
| Appeal to the High Court | s. 121 | s. 152 |
| Dispute-resolution regulations | s. 122 | possibly s. 153 (not confirmed) |
Practical effect
- Pleadings: a Memorandum of Complaint, memoranda of appeal and jurisdictional submissions should cite ss. 150 and 152 of Cap. 123 R.E. 2023, not ss. 119 and 121.
- The 2021 Rules: the Mining (Disputes Resolution) Rules, G.N. No. 323 of 2021 predate the R.E. 2023 and still refer to the old numbers. Under the general rule in the Interpretation of Laws Act, those references are read as references to the corresponding sections of the revised edition. Cite both, for example: “s. 150 of Cap. 123 R.E. 2023 (formerly s. 119 R.E. 2019)”.
- Earlier decisions: case law interpreting “section 119” remains good authority and now applies to s. 150.
2. What Remains Unchanged
The Commission’s jurisdiction
The Commission may still inquire into and decide all disputes between persons engaged in prospecting or mining operations, whether among themselves or with third parties other than the Government.
A statutory function
Resolving disputes is a formal function of the Commission, alongside carrying out health and safety inspections of mines.
Appeals
A person aggrieved by a decision or order of the Commission may appeal to the High Court within 30 days of the decision or order.
3. Judicial Review of Licence Suspension or Cancellation
The suspension or cancellation of a licence by the Commission is not a “dispute” under s. 150. It is an administrative decision, challenged by an application for judicial review in the High Court within 60 days of the decision. The procedure for lodging complaints and appeals is to be prescribed by regulations.
Background: the former regime allowed an appeal to the Minister within 60 days, followed by an appeal to the High Court against the Minister’s decision. Those routes were removed and replaced by judicial review.
| Issue | Dispute under s. 150 | Licence cancellation or suspension |
|---|---|---|
| Route | Proceedings before the Commission, then appeal | Judicial review directly in the High Court |
| Time limit | 30 days (appeal) | 60 days |
| What the court examines | Evidence and law (the merits) | Legality of the process: the right to be heard, excess of jurisdiction and reasonableness of the decision |
Open question: the section number of this provision in the R.E. 2023 has not been confirmed.
4. Other Amendments Since the R.E. 2019
| Year · Law / Regulations | Effect on disputes |
|---|---|
| 2026 · Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Act, 2026 — new s. 11(4) of Cap. 449 | Agreements approved by the Cabinet may provide for arbitration seated outside Tanzania. Not reflected in the R.E. 2023, but in force. |
| 2025 · Finance Act No. 11 of 2025 (30 June 2025) | Fiscal matters such as the definition of “gross value”. Not a dispute procedure, but may give rise to royalty disputes. |
| 2025 · Regulations on Technical Support for PML Holders, G.N. No. 260 of 2025 | If the Commission refuses to register an agreement, it must give written reasons, and the applicant may resubmit. The Regulations contain a dispute-resolution clause not yet analysed in detail. |
| 2020–2024 · Acts No. 8/2020, 6/2021, 5, 9 and 12/2022, 7/2023 and 6/2024 | Consolidated amendments; the R.E. 2023 incorporates those in force up to 2023. |
5. The New Dispute-Resolution Map
| Type of dispute | First step | Next step |
|---|---|---|
| Boundaries, water or compensation (one party a miner) | Mining Commission (s. 150); enforcement through the Resident Magistrate’s Court (s. 151) | Appeal to the High Court within 30 days (s. 152) |
| Licence suspended or cancelled by the Commission | Judicial review directly in the High Court, within 60 days | — |
| CSR (licence holder and Local Government Authority) | Negotiation first; mandatory before going to the Commission | Mining Commission; decision within 14 days |
| Investor and Government (outside s. 150) | Arbitration under Tanzanian law, seated in Tanzania (Cap. 449, s. 11) | Exception (2026): agreements approved by the Cabinet |
6. Conclusion
Boundary, water and compensation disputes begin before the Mining Commission under s. 150; a suspended or cancelled licence goes directly to the High Court by way of judicial review; and disputes with the Government follow Cap. 449. In any new matter, cite the R.E. 2023 numbers alongside the former ones, and confirm the sections against the printed copy of the R.E. 2023.